Resumen Este artículo de reflexión deriva de la investigación La familia colombiana actual y su relación con problemas internalizados y externalizados en los adolescentes. Su propósito es analizar las conclusiones de dicho estudio a propósito de la forma de educación impersonal de los hijos en la familia moderna, a partir de una lectura clínica de la Pandemia del COVID-19. Al develar la dinámica social que ha configurado los arreglos familiares y que puede comprenderse desde el devenir de la institución social del empleo y la escuela, se interroga de manera crítica la aparente inexorabilidad de la ausencia paterna en la familia, pero se resalta la paradoja de una nueva dinámica familiar en la que las medidas de confinamiento no necesariamente dan lugar al favorecimiento de mejores procesos de crianza o de interacciones paternofiliales.

Abstract The following reflection is derived from a research study titled The Current Colombian Family and its Relationship with Internalized and Externalized Problems in Adolescents. Its purpose is to analyse the conclusions of the referred study regarding the impersonal education of children in the modern family, based on a clinical approach of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Upon unraveling the social dynamics that have configured family arrangements -which are understood from the evolution of employment and school as social institutions- the apparent inexorability of paternal absence in the family is questioned, and at the same time a paradox is highlighted -a new family dynamic in which confinement does not necessarily lead to the favoring of better parenting processes or parental-filial interactions.

Resumen Este estudio busca comprender si una intervención desarrollada con habitantes de calle en Medellín, Colombia, favoreció el fortalecimiento de algunos activos de los participantes, relacionados con su resocialización, tomando como base la perspectiva del Desarrollo Positivo. Se realizó un estudio comprensivo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a tres personas que participaron de un programa de resocialización. Se indagó por la presencia de fortalezas internas y externas, por su socialización primaria y secundaria, su trayectoria en la calle, el proceso vivido en el programa y lo sucedido después de su egreso. Los resultados evidenciaron que el principal impulsor del cambio subjetivo y que llevó al no retorno a la calle fue la modificación de la relación consigo mismo.

Abstract This study seeks to understand whether an intervention developed with homeless people in Medellin, Colombia, favored the strengthening of some of the participants’ assets, related to their resocialization, based on the perspective of Positive Development. A comprehensive study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with three people, who participated in a resocialization program. It was ascertained by the presence of internal and external strengths, for their primary and secondary socialization, their path on the street, the process lived in the program, and what happened to them after their leaving the program. The results showed that the main driver of subjective change and what made them not to return to the street was the modification of the relationship with themselves.

Abstract Nowadays, parents must develop strategies to accompany their children in the use of digital technologies. The reason for this is that the internet is a social space. Online life offers possibilities for individual and social development, but it also promotes the emergence of new risks such as sexting, cyberbullying, and cyber dependence. There are two ways parents can guide their children: parental mediation and parental control. Parental mediation is the set of actions that parents take to manage the use and consumption of the media by their sons and daughters. There are three types of parental mediation: restrictive mediation, permissive mediation, and active mediation. In this context, this research aims to correlate mediation and parental control strategies with their use of the internet for children and adolescents. The EU Kids Online survey was used to achieve this goal. This questionnaire was adapted for the Colombian population through expert review and cognitive validation to children and adolescents in Medellin, Cali, and Cartagena (Colombia). The adaptation followed the procedures and standards of Kids Online Brasil and Kids Online Chile. The stratified and non-probabilistic sample consisted of 303 children and adolescents aged 9 to 17 years from ten cities in Colombia. The results indicate that the more parental control, the shorter the child connection time. Whether it's behavioral or psychological control. While the greater the psychological control of the mother, the greater the presence of addictive behaviors of children and adolescents to the internet and cell phone. Besides, the more psychological control of the mother, the more risky behaviors the children assume. Conversely, if the mother performs greater behavioral control, the presence of risky behaviors in the child is less. Also, restrictive control of internet use has a higher relationship with a lower presence of general risk behaviors and lower risks assumed by children on the internet. This was also related to high rates of restrictive mediation by parents. As conclusions, it is possible to say that any type of control that parents exercise over their children's use of the internet (restrictive, co-visioned or technical) is related to shorter connection time and less cell phone addiction. Besides, a conflicting relationship with the mother increases the addictive behaviors of the internet and the smartphone. Especially when the kind of control the mother exerts is psychological. Whereas, if the mother exerts greater behavioral control, the presence of risky behaviors in the child is less. This research could serve as the basis for the design and implementation of psychoeducational training programs for parents and caregivers aimed at developing effective parental mediation skills and strategies to guide children and adolescents in their use of digital technologies. Also, the findings of this study could lay the scientific basis for the presentation of social projects that impact public policies on the responsible and healthy use of the internet. Moreover, when Colombia has a Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies and media outreach strategies on ICT care. Finally, researches done in psychology about this topic are limited in Latin America. For this reason, the findings of this work are a significant step forward on the explanation of ITC use in the region from a disciplinary point of view. This article seeks to encourage researchers to continue to advance their knowledge of the relationships between parental mediation and the use of the internet by children and adolescents.

Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio correlacional sobre los controles y las mediaciones parentales frente al uso de internet por niños, niñas y adolescentes colombianos. Se trata de la encuesta EU Kids Online que fue aplicada en el año 2010 en 25 países europeos y, posteriormente, en Brasil en 2013 y en Chile en 2016. En el presente estudio, le encuesta fue adaptada y validada para la población colombiana mediante un panel de expertos y entrevistas cognitivas a usuarios. Se conformó una muestra estratificada y no probabilística de 303 estudiantes de ambos sexos de colegios públicos y privados, con edades entre 9 y 17 años y uno de sus padres o cuidadores, habitantes de 11 ciudades del país, quienes respondieron a los tres instrumentos de KidsOnline, una encuesta autoaplicada, otra dirigida a los estudiantes, y una tercera dirigida a los padres o cuidadores. Los resultados muestran relaciones entre el control parental y un menor tiempo de conexión a internet por parte de los hijos: el control del padre está relacionado con menor presencia de conductas adictivas a internet y al celular y, por el contrario, una relación autoritaria con la madre está relacionada con mayor presencia de conductas de riesgo en los hijos y específicamente, en el uso de internet. Además, las habilidades digitales de los padres son las que mejor están asociadas con una mediación activa, que los involucra más en las actividades digitales de sus hijos.

Resumo Na Colômbia, as decisões políticas relacionadas ao campo preservam uma ordem social injusta, mantêm as desigualdades e os obstáculos ao bem-estar e à qualidade de vida dos agricultores. É assim que o Plano de Ordenamento Territorial do Vale de San Nicolás, no leste do departamento de Antioquia, gerou uma série de conflitos rurais que acentuam as vulnerabilidades dos moradores rurais, ameaçando a tradição agrícola nessa sub-região. Diante dessa situação, este estudo indagou sobre as percepções de legalidade na população camponesa da área, por meio de um estudo descritivo-correlacional, com amostragem não probabilística, que incluiu 380 camponeses, membros de associações cívico-rurais do Vale de San Nicolás, avaliando quatro escalas, crenças, valores, conhecimento da lei e legalidade, percebidas no contexto. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no SPSS v. 22. Os resultados indicam relações significativas entre as variáveis do estudo. Apesar do abandono estatal do proletariado às forças de mercado em uma área com desequilíbrios socioeconômicos, nenhuma ligação determinante foi encontrada entre baixa renda e violação da lei.

Abstract In Colombia, political decisions related to the countryside preserve an unjust social order, maintaining inequities and obstacles to the well-being and life quality of farmers. In this scenario the Territorial Arrangement Planning of the San Nicolas Valley, in the East of the department of Antioquia, has generated a series of rural conflicts that accentuate the vulnerabilities of rural residents, threatening the agricultural tradition in this subregion. Thus, this study inquired about the perceptions of legality in the peasant population of the area. A descriptive-correlational study with non-probabilistic sampling was carried out, including 380 peasants, members of civic-rural associations of the San Nicolas Valley, evaluating in four scales: beliefs, values, knowledge of the law and perceived legality in the context. Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS v.22 software. The findings indicated significant relationships between the study variables. Despite the state abandonment of the proletariat to market forces in an area with socioeconomic imbalances, no determining link was found between low income and violation of the law.

Resumen El presente artículo revisa recientes investigaciones sobre alternativas para el uso del tiempo libre y fortalecimiento del desarrollo psicosocial de niños, niñas y adolescentes, con el ánimo de prevenir su involucramiento en diversas conductas de riesgo, haciendo especial énfasis en el modelo del Desarrollo Positivo en Adolescentes (PYD por sus siglas en inglés). La revisión identifica diversos estudios sobre intervención social y procesos de acompañamiento educativo en ambientes extraescolares, asociados a alternativas lúdicas, creativas y artísticas. Además, la metodología implicó que los textos hayan sido publicados en la última década y en revistas arbitradas, siguiendo criterios de búsqueda como ocio, tiempo libre, actividades extraescolares, adolescencia, grupos juveniles, deporte y música. Los resultados muestran que los adolescentes que participan en actividades extramurales son menos propensos a consumir sustancias psicoactivas, adquieren más competencias para relacionarse con los demás, cuentan con habilidades para la resolución de conflictos y mejoran su rendimiento académico. Estos programas les brindan recursos y habilidades en su proceso hacia la adultez y estimulan su compromiso social, mayores logros educativos y ocupacionales, aumentan la capacidad de toma de decisiones y desarrollan la responsabilidad.

Abstract This article reviews recent research on alternatives for the use of free time and strengthening the psychosocial development of children and adolescents, with the aim of preventing their involvement in risky behaviors, making special emphasis on the Positive Youth Development (PYD). The review identifies various studies on social intervention and educational accompaniment processes in extracurricular environments, associated with recreational, creative and artistic alternatives. In addition, the methodology implied that the texts have been published in the last decade and in refereed journals, following search criteria such as leisure, free time, extracurricular activities, adolescence, youth groups, sport, and music. The results show that adolescents who participate in extramural activities are less likely to consume psychoactive substances, acquire more skills to interact with others, have skills for conflict resolution and they improve their academic performance. These programs provide resources and skills in their process toward adulthood and stimulate their social commitment, greater educational and occupational achievement, increase decision-making capacity and develop responsibility.

Resumo Este artigo revisa pesquisas recentes sobre alternativas para o uso do tempo livre e fortalece o desenvolvimento psicossocial de crianças e adolescentes, com o objetivo de impedir seu envolvimento em vários comportamentos de risco, com ênfase especial no modelo de Desenvolvimento Positivo em Adolescentes (PYD por sua sigla em inglês). A revisão identifica vários estudos sobre intervenção social e processos de apoio educacional em contextos extracurriculares, associados a alternativas recreativas, criativas e artísticas. Além disso, a metodologia implicava que os artigos foram publicados na ultima década e em revistas revisadas por pares, seguindo critérios de busca como lazer, tempo livre, atividades extracurriculares, adolescência, grupos de jovens, esportes e musica. Os resultados mostram que os adolescentes que participam de atividades extramurais são menos propensos a consumir substâncias psicoativas, adquirem mais habilidades para se relacionar com os outros, têm habilidades de resolução de conflitos e melhoram seu desempenho acadêmico. Esses programas fornecem recursos e habilidades no processo de vida adulta e estimulam seu compromisso social, maiores realizações educacionais e ocupacionais, aumentam a capacidade de tomada de decisões e desenvolvem a responsabilidade.

Resumen (analítico): Nuestro objetivo en la presente investigación fue analizar si las personas adolescentes de México y Colombia que nunca han intentado suicidarse, presentan más fortalezas internas y externas que quienes sí lo han intentado. Método: se trató de un diseño pre-experimental, de un estudio de caso con una medición. Participaron en el estudio 1987 estudiantes de bachillerato -hombres y mujeres de 15 a 18 años de edad-, seleccionados de manera no probabilística: 991 estudiantes de Colombia y 996 de México. Utilizamos la escala (FIE-A) para medir fortalezas, y cinco indicadores de intento de suicidio. Los resultados principales muestran que los individuos adolescentes que nunca han intentado suicidarse presentan puntajes significativamente más altos en las siguientes fortalezas: apoyo y supervisión de la madre y el padre, importancia de la salud y toma de decisiones. Concluimos que siguen siendo fortalezas protectoras las buenas relaciones parentales, específicamente la importancia que tiene para el individuo joven contar con el apoyo y comunicación del padre y de la madre.

Abstract (analytical): The objective of this research was to analyze whether Mexican and Colombian adolescents who have never attempted suicide present more internal and external strengths than those who have tried. Method: This study used a pre-experimental design and a methodology using case studies. 1,987 students from 15 to 18 years of age were selected in a non-probabilistic manner for participation in the study; 991 Colombian students and 996 Mexican students. A scale (FIE-A) was used to measure strengths and five indicators for attempted suicide. The main results showed that adolescents who have never attempted suicide had significantly higher scores in the following strengths: support and supervision of mother and father, importance of looking after their health and decision-making. The authors conclude that the key differences for young people that have never attempted suicide include good relationships with parents continue to be protective strengths, specifically the importance for a young person to have the support and communication of both parents.

Resumo (analítico): O objetivo da presente investigação foi analisar se os adolescentes mexicanos e colombianos que nunca tentaram se suicidar apresentam mais forças internas e externas que aqueles que sim o tentaram. Método: tratou-se de um desenho preexperimental, de um estudo de caso com uma medida. Participaram no estudo 1987 estudantes de bachillerato homens e mulheres de 15 a 18 anos de idade, selecionados de maneira não probabilística; 991 estudantes colombianos e 996 mexicanos. Utilizou-se a escala (FIE-A) para medir forças e cinco indicadores de tentativa de suicídio. Os resultados principais mostraram que os adolescentes que nunca tentaram se suicidar apresentaram pontuações significativamente mais altas nas seguintes forças: apoio e supervisão dos pais, importância da saúde e tomada de decisões. Conclui-se que os bons relacionamentos parentais continuam a ser pontos fortes de proteção, especificamente a importância para o jovem de ter o apoio e a comunicação de ambos os país.

RESUMEN Este artículo de reflexión derivado de la investigación Perfilpsicológico de infractores frecuentes de normas de tránsito en el Valle de Aburrá tiene como propósito fundamental plantear la evidencia de indicadores psicológicos que expliquen la propensión en conductores a la comisión de infracciones reiteradas a las normas del Código Nacional de Tránsito Terrestre. Utilizando el instrumento de medición de la personalidad, 16 PF-5, los resultados indican la existencia de rasgos comunes en conductores infractores frecuentes y no frecuentes, en niveles bajos de ansiedad e inestabilidad emocional (C-), baja autoestima y poco interés por dar una buena imagen de sí (MI-), extraversión baja (EX-), distraídos y con falta de sentido práctico (M+), recelosos, ensimismados y calculadores (N+), con dificultad para actuar con otros (Q2+) y propensos a ser tensos e impacientes (Q4+). Lo que se constata es la presencia de unos rasgos de personalidad que favorecen una tendencia generalizada en los conductores a la transgresión del Código Nacional de Tránsito Terrestre.

ABSTRACT This article of reflection derived from the investigation: psychological profile of frequent violators of norms of transit in the Valle de Aburrá (Durán Palacio and Moreno Carmona, 2016), has as fundamental purpose to raise the evidence of indicators psychological activities that explain the propensity in drivers to the commission of repeated infringements to the rules of the Traffic Code and road safety. Using the Personality measurement Instrument, 16 PF-5, the results indicate the existence of common traits in frequent and non-frequent offending drivers, low levels of anxiety and emotional instability ( C-), low self-esteem and little interest in giving a good self's image ( MI-), extraversion low (EX-), distracted and with absence of practical sense (M+), suspicious, self-absorbed and calculators (N+), with difficulty in acting with others (Q2+) and inclined to be tense and impatient (Q4+). What is noted is the presence of personality traits that favor a generalized trend in drivers to the transgression of the transit code.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue indagar sobre los recursos psicosociales asociados al bienestar subjetivo de adultos que experimentaron sentimientos de ausencia de alguno de los padres. Se aplicó entrevista semiestructurada y algunas láminas del Test de Apercepción Temática (TAT) a nueve personas que voluntariamente aceptaron participar y cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Se encontró que los recursos psicosociales mediaron para que las personas, a pesar de haber experimentado ausencia de alguno de los padres, construyeran bienestar subjetivo. Esto es de suma significación, pues, en la medida en que se ofrezca a niños y jóvenes otros medios o recursos para hacerle frente a los sentimientos de ausencia, habrá más posibilidades de construir bienestar ante una realidad de padres cada vez más ausentes.

Abstract The main objective of this survey was to inquire about the psychosocial resources, related with the subjective wellbeing of adults who experienced absence of some of the parents. We carried out semi-structured interview and some Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) prints to 9 nine people that freely accepted to participate and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. We found that the psychosocial resources were means so that the people, even if they experienced absence of some of their parents, could build a subjective wellbeing. This is quite relevant, because as far as we can offer to kids and young people some other possibilities or resources to face the feelings of absence, there will be more possibilities to build up wellbeing in front of Parents increasingly absent.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar y comparar las fortalezas externas en adolescentes de México y Colombia con diferentes niveles de consumo de sustancias. Es un estudio no experimental, de campo y transversal. Participaron 1987 adolescentes (49,87 % de Colombia y 50,13 % de México) hombres y mujeres, con un promedio de edad de 16,64 años. Las fortalezas evaluadas cubrieron dos aspectos generales: familia (Escala de Prácticas Parentales, Andrade & Betancourt, 2010) y amigos (escala elaborada para este estudio). El consumo de sustancias se midió con indicadores del inventario de conductas de riesgo (Andrade & Betan court, 2008). Los resultados indicaron que la hipótesis central del estudio se comprobó, es decir, los jóvenes que no han consumido alcohol, tabaco y/o drogas pre sentan más fortalezas externas que aquellos que sí los han consumido. Los adolescentes mexicanos no con sumidores reportaron más comunicación y supervisión de los padres y menos amigos consumidores y con conductas antisociales; en el caso de los colombianos, el no tener amigos con conductas de riesgo es una for taleza que los protege del consumo.

Abstract The objective of this research was to analyze and com pare the external strengths of adolescents from Mexi co and Colombia with different levels of substance use. It was a non-experimental and cross-sectional field research project involving 1,987 male and fema le adolescents (49.87 % from Colombia and 50.13 % from Mexico) with an average age of 16.64 years. The strengths evaluated covered two broad areas: family (Parenting Practices Scale, Andrade & Betancourt, 2010) and friends (scale developed for this study). Substance use was measured with indicators of a behavioral risk inventory (Andrade & Betancourt, 2008). The results indicated that the central hypothesis of the study was confirmed in the sense that young people who have not consumed alcohol, tobacco, and/or drugs have more external strengths than those who have served those substances. Non-consuming Mexican adolescents re ported more parental communication and supervision and fewer consuming friends and antisocial behavior. In the case of the Colombians, not having friends who engaged in risky behaviors was an asset that protected them from consumption.

Resumo O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi analisar e compa rar as fortalezas externas em adolescentes do México e da Colômbia com diferentes níveis de consumo de substâncias. É um estudo não experimental, de campo e transversal. Participaram 1987 adolescentes (49,87 % da Colômbia e 50,13 % do México) homens e mulhe res, com uma idade média de 16,64 anos. As fortalezas avaliadas cobriram dois aspectos gerais: família (Escala de Práticas Parentais Andrade & Betancourt, 2010) e amigos (escala elaborada para este estudo). O consumo de substâncias mediu-se com indicadores do inventário de condutas de risco (Andrade & Betancourt, 2008). Os resultados indicaram que a hipótese central do estudo se comprovou, é dizer, os jovens que não têm consumido álcool, tabaco e/ou drogas apresentam mais fortalezas externas que aqueles que sim as têm consumido. Os adolescentes mexicanos não consumidores reportaram maior comunicação e supervisão dos pais e menos amigos consumidores e com condutas antissociais; no caso dos colombianos o não ter amigos com condutas de risco é uma fortaleza que os protege do consumo.

Se presentan resultados de una investigación realizada con el objetivo definir la referencialidad partiendo del proceso de socialización y la construcción del bienestar subjetivo, en la que participaron 11 jóvenes de 20 a 26 años de Medellín. La modalidad de investigación adoptada fue la teoría fundamentada y los datos fueron obtenidos a través de dos grupos de discusión y cuatro entrevistas semiestructuradas. Como parte de los resultados se destacan las tensiones a considerar para la definición de la referencialidad, su constitución a través de las relaciones significativas que establecen los y las jóvenes con personas dentro y fuera de la familia, y la forma como multiplicidad de relaciones influyen positivamente en la consecución de mejores condiciones de bienestar subjetivo. Las conclusiones dejan ver posibilidades de integración del concepto, construido como orientador de intervenciones psicosociales y de políticas públicas sobre familia y juventud.

This research study was designed in order to define the concept of referentiality based on the processes of socialization and the construction of subjective wellbeing. The study involved the participation of 11 subjects, aged 20 to 26 from the city of Medellin, Colombia. The research approach used was grounded theory and data was obtained through the holding of two discussion groups and four semi-structured interviews. Some aspects of the results are notable, such as the tensions that are important to consider when defining referentiality, the construction of referentiality through the meaningful relationships that young people establish with people from both within and outside their family circle, and the way that these multiple relationships positively influence the acquisition of better living conditions that improve subjective wellbeing. The authors' conclusions highlight possibilities for integration opportunities, the creation of a guide for psychosocial interventions and contributions to public policy related to family and youth development.

O artigo apresenta resultados de uma investigação que tem como objetivo definir a referencialidade a partir do processo de socialização e da construção do bem-estar subjetivo. No estudo participaram 11 jovens que estavam na faixa etária de 20 - 26 anos, todos da cidade de Medellín. O método utilizado foi a teoria fundamentada e os dados foram obtidos através de dois grupos de discussão e quatro entrevistas semiestruturadas. Nos resultados destacam as tensões emergentes na definição da referencialidade, a constituição dela nas relações significativas que estabelecem os jovens com outras pessoas dentro e fora da família, e como a multiplicidade de relações influenciam positivamente a consecução de melhores condições de bem-estar subjetivo. As conclusões mostram as possibilidades de integração do conceito que serve como guia na construção de intervenções psicossociais e de políticas públicas para a família e a juventude.

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (2013), alerta a los gobiernos a tomar medidas urgentes para prevenir accidentes de tránsito. Si no se intervienen, en el 2030 serán la quinta causa de muerte. Este estudio establece el perfil psicológico de conductores de vehículo infractores frecuentes de normas de tránsito, en una muestra de 295 adultos de ambos sexos. Utilizando el cuestionario factorial de personalidad 16PF-5 y una escala de creencias, conocimientos, y comportamientos sobre seguridad vial, se identificaron relaciones significativas entre conducta infractora y creencias, además de los factores de personalidad y variables específicas que predicen la propensión a las infracciones frecuentes de normas de tránsito.

The World Health Organization (2013) has alerted governments to take urgent measures to prevent traffic accidents. If no intervention is made, they will be the fifth leading cause of death in 2030. This study established the psychological profile of frequent offenders of traffic rules in a sample of 295 drivers of both sexes. Using the 16PF-5 Personality Questionnaire and a scale of beliefs, knowledge, and road safety behaviors, significant relationships between offending behavior and beliefs were identified, in addition to the specific personality factors and variables that predict susceptibility to frequent violations of traffic rules.

Este artículo hace una revisión y presenta algunas reflexiones sobre el ejercicio de la paternidad y sus efectos en el desarrollo psicosocial de niños, niñas y adolescentes, a partir de investigaciones realizadas sobre el tema, asumiendo que los cambios en la realidad social contemporánea, que han diluido las tradicionales diferencias de género y roles al interior de la familia, ponen en debate la referencialidad de los adultos cuidadores y la importancia de la familia en el desarrollo de conductas pro o antisociales, así como en la salud mental de las nuevas generaciones.

This article reviews and presents some think over the parenting practices and their effects on the psychosocial development of children and adolescents, from research on the subject, assuming that changes in contemporary social reality, which have diluted the traditional gender and roles differences within the family, put in discussion the referentiality of adult caregivers and the importance of family in the development of pro or antisocial behavior, as well as mental health of new generations.